Gender, Gender And, And Non Binary People - 1169 Words

What gender are you? Male, female, or do you not have a gender? See, gender rules are not a subject widely talked about in today’s society due to the fact that it is a very sensitive subject for many people. This subject is very touchy because of transsexual, gender fluid, and non-binary people. How would you feel is you were forced to switch schools because the one you were attending did not see yours as valid? In the following paragraphs we will be discussing gender rules in and out of school. First off, not everyone is cisgender. To be cisgender means denoting or relating to a person whose self-identity conforms with the gender that corresponds to their biological sex. Meaning they are comfortable being the gender they were given at†¦show more content†¦But how are we to do that when we are denied education for our gender? But, aside from being denied education, if you are not allowed to be yourself it causes emotional and psychological damage as the article state s; â€Å"He was going last year as Brian,† said Angela Peters, Rachel’s mother, adding that her child developed stress-related seizures, depression, and panic attacks. â€Å"How can I send her back as Rachel? And I am not sending her back as Brian because the depression will start again.† (Par. 4 Gorga Park). This child was so broken mentally and physically worn out as stated; â€Å"she would get off the bus and just cry,† peters said. â€Å"The she would go to sleep for 17 or 20 hours and refuse to go back there.† (Par. 4 Gorga Park) The fact that she was so rejected for her gender is revolting. Moving on, to gender roles in education as Sadker once said â€Å" sitting in the same classroom, reading the same textbook, listening to the same teacher, boys and girls receive very different educations.†(1994). People who Identify as female have been treated differently sense day one, as state din the article; â€Å"Teachers socialize girls t owards feminine ideal. Girls are praised for being neat, quite, and calm, whereas boys are encouraged to think independently,

MLA Style Tips For Your Research Essay

<h1>MLA Style Tips For Your Research Essay</h1><p>When you are composing an examination paper for your doctoral or Master's certificate necessities, the MLA style inquire about article can help you extraordinarily. With the numerous alternatives accessible, you can without much of a stretch get one that meets your needs.</p><p></p><p>For the most part, scholarly distributions utilize the MLA design. This arrangement is basic and straightforward. At the point when you are composing an exploration paper for your exposition or Master's certificate necessities, the MLA style examine article can help you greatly.</p><p></p><p>With the numerous alternatives accessible, you can without much of a stretch get one that addresses your issues. The most widely recognized arrangement accessible for the MLA group is the four-passage format.</p><p></p><p>Research expositions must be looked into completely. In t hat capacity, the principal section ought to contain the name of the author and the complete name of the individual exploring the exposition. The creator's name ought to be remembered for the last section also. The entirety of this data ought to be verifiable.</p><p></p><p>There are many research papers accessible in numerous configurations on the web. A considerable lot of these accessible online come in the MLA design, which incorporates the name of the writer, the subject, a short ad spot on the point, and an end that contain data about the essayist's field. This style of research paper will show that the examination has been done.</p><p></p><p>The second section will show the principle body of the article. The creator's name ought to be incorporated here. This incorporates the creator's complete name and the complete name of the individual doing the research.</p><p></p><p>In the third passage, the attention ought to be on the thought being investigated. The name of the source ought to be recorded here. The title of the source is useful for the peruser to know where the source came from.</p><p></p><p>The last section ought to contain the finish of the paper proposition. The name of the essayist ought to be incorporated here also. The name of the individual inquiring about the exposition is likewise useful in the paper proposal.</p>

Are You Afraid That Youre Gospel Topics Essay Wasnt Well Prepared?

Are You Afraid That You're Gospel Topics Essay Wasn't Well Prepared?If you have read your Gospel Topics essay on polygamy and have created a list of questions that it should answer, do you feel some dread as you go to the essay worksheet? It is not difficult to answer the question; however, you may not understand why you are feeling this way. It is not uncommon for students to feel uneasiness when they read their essays. This fear could actually be unfounded and there are several different reasons that students may be concerned about a particular question in their Gospel Topics essay.First, it is possible that you have overlooked one or more specific problems with your essay. Perhaps you have chosen a problematic topic to discuss and you need to explain your decision to your teacher. Your teacher will provide you with an opportunity to solve the problem and ensure that you are able to focus on the other aspects of your essay.Second, you may have felt anxious because your essay topics did not address a specific problem. This may be a common occurrence but is not something that most teachers think of when you send in your essay. Do not be discouraged if your essay topics do not address a specific problem.Third, you may have only read the essays that did address all the possible problems that students can face with their essays. If this is the case, you are probably in a better position to ensure that your essay topics answers each of the five main topics that are stated in the Gospel Topics essay. It is likely that each of these topics is going to be at least partially answered if you will just use the Gospel Topics essay as a guide. This way, your essay topics will be very well prepared.Fourth, many students who are on time constraints are afraid that they are going to run out of time or that they will spend too much time on multiple essays. This is not something that you should worry about at all because you are going to be more efficient if you break up your e ssay topics into two or three essays.Fifth, if you have not chosen an appropriate Gospel Topics essay topic, you will not have any experience in the area. While it is understandable that this may be frustrating, you will be able to gain this experience with your choice of topics. As your understanding of the issues surrounding polygamy grows, you will be able to fully explain why you chose that particular essay topic.In addition, if you are struggling with a certain topic, you may feel as though you need to review the paper to make sure that you cover the topic adequately. However, if you are able to correctly write about the topic and be able to completely understand what the essay is asking of you, you should proceed. Your best bet is to be as thorough as possible and allow your mind to wander when you think about the different areas of your essay.Last, in order to prevent your Gospel Topics essay from being confusing, you should always begin by writing in a clear and coherent man ner. When you come to the sections of your essay that you cannot fully explain, just look back at the sections that you can understand and make sure that you understand them.

How to Choose the Best Online Paper Writing Service

How to Choose the Best Online Paper Writing ServiceThere are several choices when it comes to the best online paper writing service for you. Here are some tips to get you started in deciding. You need to consider how much time you can spend on your online article, the amount of work you can do on your own and the cost. Once you have done these, you need to consider the reputation of the writing service and how reliable they are.Online article writing companies or individuals can be very profitable if you go with a reliable one. However, you will need to consider the specific company you are considering. If you are unsure about the credibility of the company, it is best to do research online about the company.Search engines like Google are fantastic resources. They give an abundance of information about any company or person, making it easy to find the best ones. Also, when writing your articles, you will want to keep in mind that you are not getting paid for your time and work. This can help you find quality work from the best online writing services.If you want to put together an online article, it is important to make sure you do it in a timely manner. It should be written before the deadline or within a couple of days after the deadline. Make sure you are working on the project at a time you can work at.Once you have found a service you feel comfortable with, remember to ask for references. A good way to do this is by asking the writer whether they can provide any references. If they are willing to do so, you can ask for a few names.Do not rush into choosing a writing service for yourself. Your quality of writing should be as good as it can be. Some people are willing to work for lower pay, while others prefer more freelance income. It all depends on your preference.Online writing service is important. So, when you are selecting the best one, consider all of the following tips. Remember, the most important part of the process is the quality of your writing.

The ‘business’ of aid to what extent does aid do more harm than good Free Essays

string(50) " country also benefits economically from the aid\." Abstract: The topic of this paper views the harms of aid and argues that aid does developing countries more harm than it does good. Aid is the economic assistance from one nation to another. There are different reasons for why this topic is so controversial. We will write a custom essay sample on The ‘business’ of aid: to what extent does aid do more harm than good? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aid does not always benefit the poor countries economic stride; aid may also cause political and psychological harm, and also enlarges the power between developed countries and developing countries. With the different types of aid, each aid does harm to poor countries differently. Tied aid, Food aid, Military aid, and Aids that aren’t grants, are the types of aid that put developing countries in harm. Introduction Everything that goes on this beautiful place we call Earth always has an affect on someone other than ourselves. Sometimes it’s for the better, and others for the worst mainly because each individual is entitled to their own opinion based on the facts that are gathered and what is portrayed by society. A conclusion is then found and the individual will stick to his claim regardless of what the opposing side has got to say, so why would it be any different in this case. Developing countries usually receive foreign aid and there are a number of reasons to why these countries need aid, such as poverty, medical and health, and environmental problems. Poverty is one of the main reasons for countries receiving aid, and the people are unable to provide the basic needs for their families. With aid, developing countries not jus receive free money; they need to pay back money they received. Aid covers a large number of things, involving a vast variety of organizations; structures and activities, which are involving, aid work (Regan, 2002). Aid is in the form of advanced countries helping and encouraging economic growth in developing countries. There are many forms of aid, from short-term disaster relief, to longer-term development aid, but with all these different forms of aid, it is followed with a problem and criticized, with either inefficiency of delivery, dependency, or political agendas (Shah, 2010). Government aid has been around for centuries doing all they can to help those in need. As time goes on and the help continues, its only normal for us as human beings to rely on what is being provided for us. This is just the beginning of all our problems. Some types of aid that is doing harm and has an effect on the receiving countries is food aid, military aid, tied aid etc. Aid has been helping the world’s poorest people in coming to aid and trying to help improve the situations and conditions of developing countries, but issues of aid still rise and it is to a great extent from being non-controversial, and the arguments and problems with aid is that aid is doing more harm then good (Regan, 2002). New funds and agencies were set up at a national and international level to help provide and contribute to the rebuilding schemes for many Third world countries who failed to develop or did, but very slow after there formal independence. The ‘business’ of aid is to help the developing countries needs for manufacturing and commercial agriculture and to bring under control of the shortage of investment capital and provide the foreign currency to pay for the necessary technological import (Webster 1990). The foremost international agencies that support and distribute aid to the developing counties consist of the United Nations, the organization for economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the IMF, the World Band, and the Development Fund of the European Economic Community (EEC) (Webster, 1990).Aid includes humanitarian assistance in times of emergency, debt relief, technical assistance, short-term disaster relief aid (NGO), longer-term development aid, military aid, food aid and grants for every type of project. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD, oversees the international aid, in terms of increasing aid and improving its terms and forms among donors (Regan, 2002). The DAC defines aid as the Official Development Assistance (ODA). ODA is non-commercial and is most often provided in the form of loans, in debt relief or grants for projects, and is divided between multilateral and bilateral aid (Regan, 2002). Multilateral aid are donor countries it is a made up of a variety of contributors involving different developed countries to give help and fund to a developing country, whereas bilateral is one country supporting or helping another country, government to government. Through NGO money is raised through donations and form government grants that go towards helping organize emergency aid after disasters (natural). Short-Term Aid is for immediate relief in emergencies, and Long-Term Aid is to help improve the quality of l ife for developing countries and its support goes for economic and social development. With the number of different aids brought by donors and developed countries, there are a number of problems, cases, and failures to the current system of aid prove that, and why it is doing more harm then it is good. Many questions have come up due to the failure of international aid to encourage the emergence of a self-sustained growth in agricultural and industrial sectors. Aid from government to government has little effect on the poor and benefiting only the rich. Only one country is benefiting and aid has been used to strengthen the power of the authoritarian government (Regan, 2002). Aid is used for different reasons, and different aids have different effects, currently aid is being used for economic, political and strategic reasons. The problem with this is that it is intended to sustain the current character of world inequality, instead of trying to fix and challenge it, aid is only supporting the problem. Many times aid money is misspent, or handled wrong. Aid money ma y be used for a number of different projects that may be helpful in the short run but not much profitable in the long run. ‘Tied’ aid the donor country also benefits economically from the aid. You read "The ‘business’ of aid: to what extent does aid do more harm than good?" in category "Essay examples" The receiving country buys goods or services from the donor country to get the aid. Aid is given depending on receiving country agreeing to buy. Tied aid is then seen as harmful if it supports governments that suppress their people. It is a hidden endowment to the industry in the industrialized world (Regan, 2002). Tied aid also focuses more on profiting their countries rather than what the developing countries need. It also increases dependency by being loaned to a country (Webster, 1990). Weaker governments/countries become dependent on donor a country, which puts them at a disadvantage in economic or political negotiations (Regan, 2002). Food aid can be related to many issues, but it is mainly about providing food and related assistance to challenge the problem of hunger, that many poor countries face, either due to emergency situations (natural disasters), or to help people who are living in hunger and fear of starvation. Food aid does help developing countries under some circumstances, but also doing much harm, and causing social and economic consequences. One of the reasons food aid has not been a success is due to the tying of food aid with constraints that benefit the donor country more than its recipients (Shah, 2007). Economically food aid can hurt the Third World agricultural sector, by depressing and discouraging local markets and production and may cause local prices to fall, eventually leading farmers going out of business and it just adds on to more unemployment (Webster, 1990). Other problems that contribute to the problem with food aid is that it is a donor-driven system and politically puts an effec t on Third World governments, feeling obligated to buy donor goods unquestioningly. Food aid promotes domestic interests in donor countries, it is a foreign policy tool, and exporters drive international institutions and development is not necessarily the objective (Shah, 2007). Another aid that is harming receiving recipients is military aid. Military aid is to help allies or poor countries fight terrorism and maintain control over their territory, or help the fight against drug wars.Military aid may be given in the form of credits for foreign militaries to buy weapons and equipment from donor countries of even in the form of training (shah, 2010). Military aid can start to feed violence and not fix the real problem that is going on in countries. It is argued that with military aid, the relationship between military and nations can be strengthened. Due to the fact that some of the aid is loans instead of direct grants, poorer countries may be getting more in to debt (Webster 1990). The debt is ruining developing countries, and their living standards are only getting worse due to resources going towards paying back their debt. It is very hard for countries to rely on one of two items to produce enough income from exports to repay loans (Webster, 1990). Many of these third world countries try to use their aid to boost their export rates, but when aid stops, export rates drop and it may cause social distress and poorer countries become dependent on the aid so they can increase their productions, not realizing they still need to payback their aid loan. As debt continues to increase, aid is dropping. Even with disaster relief and aid, poor countries are still paying debt repayment (Shah, 2007). In 2000, at the UN Millennium Summit, rich countries agreed to use aid only for poverty reduction. However international institutes like the World Bank and IMF continued to attach conditions to the loans, which struck the poor hard (ActionAid, 2006). Due to all the poor countries owing outrageous debts to rich countries, it forces these poor countries to focus on debt repayment, rather than meeting needs of their country and the people. Aid does not always benefit the poor and many developing countries are unable to control majority of their economic life, and become dependent on their donor country. Poor countries are profiting and it making richer countries richer. Dependency theory was developed to disapprove the view of what is currently going on in developing countries and see if they could achieve modernization and industrialization by colonizing the majority world. Dependency explains the underdeveloped circumstances of many nations and assesses the different structures of interactions among nations. Supporters of dependency theory see economic aid and technical assistance being in command of, which causes cultures to be vulnerable, because they need the help and they begin to rely on donors. Developing countries become so dependent on aid that they don’t improve what needs to be done for the people and the country. When dealing with Third World Countries they lack the control of their economic l ife, due to power and dominance of minority world or developed countries, dependency theory comes into play. Many poor countries are dependent on the aid and on the national government due to the fact that they lack the acceptable skills, knowledge and attitude they need to take in control of their own, and have poor work ethics (Webster, 1990). There are many different forms of aid, and aid can be very beneficial to MEDCs and LEDs, it can save lives, help improve living standards of people living in developing countries, improve exports and secure jobs and also open markets for goods. With all the help that Aid provides countries and people in need it does more harm than good and the flow of aid may not always be dependent on. The continuation of poverty in the developing countries is an image of its dependency they have on the minority world.Foreign aid causes corruption and mistrust in developing countries or countries receiving aid. Tied aid focuses on profiting donor countries and not on the developing countries when they are the ones most in need, food aid causes social and economic consequences, and aids that is in the form of a loan only puts developing countries in a more deeper debt. We ask ourselves is aid really doing developing countries of the Third World good But to this extent as we have discussed aid is doing more harm than good, and not helping the developing countries improve aspects of there life as aid should be. Donors and developed countries have to stop the dependency between the developing countries and actually start helping developing countries improve their way of life and get out of poverty. Bibliography: Andre Gunder Frank, (1972) â€Å"The Development of Underdevelopment,† in James D. Cockcroft, Andre Gunder Frank, and Dale Johnson, eds., Dependence and Underdevelopment. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books The role of foreign aid in development. (1997, May, 23). The Flow of Foreign Aid and Private Capital to Developing Countries. Retrieved March 12, 2011 from www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=8type=0sequence=3 Shah, Anup. â€Å"Military Aid.† Global Issues, Created: 03 May. 2010. Accessed: 09 Mar. 2011. How to cite The ‘business’ of aid: to what extent does aid do more harm than good?, Essay examples

The ‘business’ of aid to what extent does aid do more harm than good Free Essays

string(50) " country also benefits economically from the aid\." Abstract: The topic of this paper views the harms of aid and argues that aid does developing countries more harm than it does good. Aid is the economic assistance from one nation to another. There are different reasons for why this topic is so controversial. We will write a custom essay sample on The ‘business’ of aid: to what extent does aid do more harm than good? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aid does not always benefit the poor countries economic stride; aid may also cause political and psychological harm, and also enlarges the power between developed countries and developing countries. With the different types of aid, each aid does harm to poor countries differently. Tied aid, Food aid, Military aid, and Aids that aren’t grants, are the types of aid that put developing countries in harm. Introduction Everything that goes on this beautiful place we call Earth always has an affect on someone other than ourselves. Sometimes it’s for the better, and others for the worst mainly because each individual is entitled to their own opinion based on the facts that are gathered and what is portrayed by society. A conclusion is then found and the individual will stick to his claim regardless of what the opposing side has got to say, so why would it be any different in this case. Developing countries usually receive foreign aid and there are a number of reasons to why these countries need aid, such as poverty, medical and health, and environmental problems. Poverty is one of the main reasons for countries receiving aid, and the people are unable to provide the basic needs for their families. With aid, developing countries not jus receive free money; they need to pay back money they received. Aid covers a large number of things, involving a vast variety of organizations; structures and activities, which are involving, aid work (Regan, 2002). Aid is in the form of advanced countries helping and encouraging economic growth in developing countries. There are many forms of aid, from short-term disaster relief, to longer-term development aid, but with all these different forms of aid, it is followed with a problem and criticized, with either inefficiency of delivery, dependency, or political agendas (Shah, 2010). Government aid has been around for centuries doing all they can to help those in need. As time goes on and the help continues, its only normal for us as human beings to rely on what is being provided for us. This is just the beginning of all our problems. Some types of aid that is doing harm and has an effect on the receiving countries is food aid, military aid, tied aid etc. Aid has been helping the world’s poorest people in coming to aid and trying to help improve the situations and conditions of developing countries, but issues of aid still rise and it is to a great extent from being non-controversial, and the arguments and problems with aid is that aid is doing more harm then good (Regan, 2002). New funds and agencies were set up at a national and international level to help provide and contribute to the rebuilding schemes for many Third world countries who failed to develop or did, but very slow after there formal independence. The ‘business’ of aid is to help the developing countries needs for manufacturing and commercial agriculture and to bring under control of the shortage of investment capital and provide the foreign currency to pay for the necessary technological import (Webster 1990). The foremost international agencies that support and distribute aid to the developing counties consist of the United Nations, the organization for economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the IMF, the World Band, and the Development Fund of the European Economic Community (EEC) (Webster, 1990).Aid includes humanitarian assistance in times of emergency, debt relief, technical assistance, short-term disaster relief aid (NGO), longer-term development aid, military aid, food aid and grants for every type of project. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD, oversees the international aid, in terms of increasing aid and improving its terms and forms among donors (Regan, 2002). The DAC defines aid as the Official Development Assistance (ODA). ODA is non-commercial and is most often provided in the form of loans, in debt relief or grants for projects, and is divided between multilateral and bilateral aid (Regan, 2002). Multilateral aid are donor countries it is a made up of a variety of contributors involving different developed countries to give help and fund to a developing country, whereas bilateral is one country supporting or helping another country, government to government. Through NGO money is raised through donations and form government grants that go towards helping organize emergency aid after disasters (natural). Short-Term Aid is for immediate relief in emergencies, and Long-Term Aid is to help improve the quality of l ife for developing countries and its support goes for economic and social development. With the number of different aids brought by donors and developed countries, there are a number of problems, cases, and failures to the current system of aid prove that, and why it is doing more harm then it is good. Many questions have come up due to the failure of international aid to encourage the emergence of a self-sustained growth in agricultural and industrial sectors. Aid from government to government has little effect on the poor and benefiting only the rich. Only one country is benefiting and aid has been used to strengthen the power of the authoritarian government (Regan, 2002). Aid is used for different reasons, and different aids have different effects, currently aid is being used for economic, political and strategic reasons. The problem with this is that it is intended to sustain the current character of world inequality, instead of trying to fix and challenge it, aid is only supporting the problem. Many times aid money is misspent, or handled wrong. Aid money ma y be used for a number of different projects that may be helpful in the short run but not much profitable in the long run. ‘Tied’ aid the donor country also benefits economically from the aid. You read "The ‘business’ of aid: to what extent does aid do more harm than good?" in category "Essay examples" The receiving country buys goods or services from the donor country to get the aid. Aid is given depending on receiving country agreeing to buy. Tied aid is then seen as harmful if it supports governments that suppress their people. It is a hidden endowment to the industry in the industrialized world (Regan, 2002). Tied aid also focuses more on profiting their countries rather than what the developing countries need. It also increases dependency by being loaned to a country (Webster, 1990). Weaker governments/countries become dependent on donor a country, which puts them at a disadvantage in economic or political negotiations (Regan, 2002). Food aid can be related to many issues, but it is mainly about providing food and related assistance to challenge the problem of hunger, that many poor countries face, either due to emergency situations (natural disasters), or to help people who are living in hunger and fear of starvation. Food aid does help developing countries under some circumstances, but also doing much harm, and causing social and economic consequences. One of the reasons food aid has not been a success is due to the tying of food aid with constraints that benefit the donor country more than its recipients (Shah, 2007). Economically food aid can hurt the Third World agricultural sector, by depressing and discouraging local markets and production and may cause local prices to fall, eventually leading farmers going out of business and it just adds on to more unemployment (Webster, 1990). Other problems that contribute to the problem with food aid is that it is a donor-driven system and politically puts an effec t on Third World governments, feeling obligated to buy donor goods unquestioningly. Food aid promotes domestic interests in donor countries, it is a foreign policy tool, and exporters drive international institutions and development is not necessarily the objective (Shah, 2007). Another aid that is harming receiving recipients is military aid. Military aid is to help allies or poor countries fight terrorism and maintain control over their territory, or help the fight against drug wars.Military aid may be given in the form of credits for foreign militaries to buy weapons and equipment from donor countries of even in the form of training (shah, 2010). Military aid can start to feed violence and not fix the real problem that is going on in countries. It is argued that with military aid, the relationship between military and nations can be strengthened. Due to the fact that some of the aid is loans instead of direct grants, poorer countries may be getting more in to debt (Webster 1990). The debt is ruining developing countries, and their living standards are only getting worse due to resources going towards paying back their debt. It is very hard for countries to rely on one of two items to produce enough income from exports to repay loans (Webster, 1990). Many of these third world countries try to use their aid to boost their export rates, but when aid stops, export rates drop and it may cause social distress and poorer countries become dependent on the aid so they can increase their productions, not realizing they still need to payback their aid loan. As debt continues to increase, aid is dropping. Even with disaster relief and aid, poor countries are still paying debt repayment (Shah, 2007). In 2000, at the UN Millennium Summit, rich countries agreed to use aid only for poverty reduction. However international institutes like the World Bank and IMF continued to attach conditions to the loans, which struck the poor hard (ActionAid, 2006). Due to all the poor countries owing outrageous debts to rich countries, it forces these poor countries to focus on debt repayment, rather than meeting needs of their country and the people. Aid does not always benefit the poor and many developing countries are unable to control majority of their economic life, and become dependent on their donor country. Poor countries are profiting and it making richer countries richer. Dependency theory was developed to disapprove the view of what is currently going on in developing countries and see if they could achieve modernization and industrialization by colonizing the majority world. Dependency explains the underdeveloped circumstances of many nations and assesses the different structures of interactions among nations. Supporters of dependency theory see economic aid and technical assistance being in command of, which causes cultures to be vulnerable, because they need the help and they begin to rely on donors. Developing countries become so dependent on aid that they don’t improve what needs to be done for the people and the country. When dealing with Third World Countries they lack the control of their economic l ife, due to power and dominance of minority world or developed countries, dependency theory comes into play. Many poor countries are dependent on the aid and on the national government due to the fact that they lack the acceptable skills, knowledge and attitude they need to take in control of their own, and have poor work ethics (Webster, 1990). There are many different forms of aid, and aid can be very beneficial to MEDCs and LEDs, it can save lives, help improve living standards of people living in developing countries, improve exports and secure jobs and also open markets for goods. With all the help that Aid provides countries and people in need it does more harm than good and the flow of aid may not always be dependent on. The continuation of poverty in the developing countries is an image of its dependency they have on the minority world.Foreign aid causes corruption and mistrust in developing countries or countries receiving aid. Tied aid focuses on profiting donor countries and not on the developing countries when they are the ones most in need, food aid causes social and economic consequences, and aids that is in the form of a loan only puts developing countries in a more deeper debt. We ask ourselves is aid really doing developing countries of the Third World good But to this extent as we have discussed aid is doing more harm than good, and not helping the developing countries improve aspects of there life as aid should be. Donors and developed countries have to stop the dependency between the developing countries and actually start helping developing countries improve their way of life and get out of poverty. Bibliography: Andre Gunder Frank, (1972) â€Å"The Development of Underdevelopment,† in James D. Cockcroft, Andre Gunder Frank, and Dale Johnson, eds., Dependence and Underdevelopment. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books The role of foreign aid in development. (1997, May, 23). The Flow of Foreign Aid and Private Capital to Developing Countries. Retrieved March 12, 2011 from www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=8type=0sequence=3 Shah, Anup. â€Å"Military Aid.† Global Issues, Created: 03 May. 2010. Accessed: 09 Mar. 2011. How to cite The ‘business’ of aid: to what extent does aid do more harm than good?, Essay examples

Mergers Acquisitions

Introduction Over the past decade there have been numerous examples of companies that have experienced dramatic growth and built huge revenues using aggressive acquisition programs (Sherman 2011). This is supported by the fact that experienced executives have always searched for efficient and profitable means to increase and gain market share.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mergers Acquisitions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A merger typically involves a combination of two or more companies in which the buying firm absorbs the assets and liabilities of the selling firm. It is common in mergers for the selling firm to maintain identity (Sherman 2011). An acquisition on the other hand involves the purchase of an asset such as a plant, a division or in some cases an entire company (Sherman 2011). However, in some cases a firm may need to improve its position in the market and as such may need to consider underta king a divestiture. Divestiture and asset sales are a valid method of corporate restructuring that is aimed at creation of value (Hunt 2009). This approach aims at the elimination of underperforming assets, capitalizing on the value of better performing assets or simply divesting to pay off debts owed (Hunt 2009). This report seeks to analyze the available divestiture options for DuPont with regard to Conoco. History of DuPont and Conoco DuPont was established in 1802 as a gun powder manufacturer (Gilson 2010). At the time its main activity was supplying the US army with gun powder under the current US president Thomas Jefferson (Gilson 2010). Over time the company developed a long tradition of technological innovation in businesses as diverse as food and nutrition, agriculture, fashion and apparel, health care, home and construction, transportation and energy (Gilson 2010). One of the most memorable days in the company’s corporate history took place in 1939 when hordes of ho usewives mobbed stores in Delaware. The reason for this massive turnout was the company’s latest breakthrough at the time namely, nylon stockings (Gilson 2010). In the years that followed DuPont would continue with its legacy of innovation and create Teflon for pans, Kevlar for bullet proof vests, Stainmaster for carpets, popular synthetic fabric known as Lycra, Dacron for clothing and Mylar for packaging and wires (Gilson 2010). In 1998, DuPont appointed Holiday as the CEO which led to a series changes within the organization. The first change was the reorganization of DuPont’s 16 diverse businesses into three groups namely, the foundation, the differentiated and the life sciences operations. The foundation focused on basic low growth businesses such as polyester fibers, nylon and some polymers. The differentiated group focused on Corain countertop surfaces, Kevlar, Lycra, Stainmaster, and business units supplying paints to the automotive industry. The third group foc used on pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology (Gilson 2010). The new CEO dubbed DuPont as the miracles of science company (Gilson 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Investors were initially positive about the appointment of Holiday but this would soon change due to some unforeseen events. By May the same year the DuPont share price had risen by 26 percent (Gilson 2010). However, by August the share price stalled at $60 due to the Asian economic crisis and the pressure on profits due to expensive acquisitions. These events in combination drove down profits by 68 percent when compared to the previous year. DuPont purchased Conoco in 1981 to allay fears of an increase in oil prices and the subsequent effect it would have on its chemical businesses (Gilson 2010). DuPont beat all challengers to take over the company in what was the largest merger of its time. The company staged a â€Å"white knight† acquisition and paid $7.8 billion for the firm. As of now Conoco is a wholly owned subsidiary of DuPont. It was major integrated global energy company that operated in 40 countries (Gilson 2010). Conoco was involved in both upstream and downstream activities. Upstream activity included exploration, development, sale of crude oil, natural gas and liquids (Gilson 2010). Downstream activity included refining crude oil and other products, transportation, distribution and marketing of petroleum products (Gilson 2010). Conoco is involved in the development and operation of power facilities and also maintains a marketing network of almost 7900 retail outlets located in the US, Europe and Asia (Gilson 2010). By 1998, Conoco was ranked at position 8 globally in production of petroleum liquids. It was also ranked at position 11 in natural gas production as well as ranking at position 8 in refining throughput (Gilson 2010). Following the poor financial performance o f DuPont in 1998 the need arose to take urgent remedial action to ensure that the company continued making profits. However, one crucial question that needed to be answered was the source of the money to achieve this. This is what led to the need for restructuring within DuPont (Gilson 2010). Available Options for Divestiture In line with the need to restructure DuPont there were several options available that could be used to effectively achieve a solution. The first option available was an Equity Spinoff. This is a divestiture option that involves giving stock of a subsidiary to the parent company shareholders (Brigham Houston 2009). Under this option DuPont would distribute the Conoco shares to its shareholders on a pro rata basis (Gilson 2010). Each outstanding DuPont share would receive a fixed number of Conoco shares. The shareholders are free to keep or sell these shares.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mergers Acquisitions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another available option for DuPont was to undertake the Tracking stock option. Tracking stocks are a separate classification of common stock issued by a single parent company and represent claims on profits and cash flow generated by certain distinct businesses (Gilson 2010). The goal is for the market price of each stock to ‘track’ individual performance of each business. The revenues and earnings reported by the businesses are reported separately and dividends are determined based on performance of the businesses (Gilson 2010). Tracking stocks can be created either by distribution of company stock to current shareholders or sale of new stocks for cash to the public (Gilson 2010). Another option available to DuPont to manage it restructuring was through Asset sale. This may be due to the fact that in 1998 there is the sentiment that the IPO market is weak (Gilson 2010). Based on this sentiment therefore it would a ppear that the sale of Conoco at a suitable price would be better than the lengthy IPO or a spinoff. This option appears to be able to speed up the process resuming its life sciences businesses (Gilson 2010). Yet another option was through a spinoff using a modified Dutch auction. This was based on the actions of The Limited with regard to Abercrombie and Fitch. This option saw The Limited sell of 16 percent of its stake in Abercrombie Fitch through a spin off structured as a modified Dutch auction (Gilson 2010). In the approach the shareholders were given the choice to swap each of their Abercrombie shares tax free at a predetermined rate of between 0.73 and 0.86 (Gilson 2010). The company would first accept shares at a lower rate and move to the higher rate until it managed to dispose of all its Abercrombie shares. The final option was to undertake an Initial Public Offering or IPO. This option involved the sale of a percentage of the DuPont stake to the public (Gilson 2010). Sel ected Option Having considered the available options the task of selecting a suitable approach lay in the hands on the management. Upon deliberation it was decided that the best approach to undertake an IPO followed by a split off. This initial IPO would require that the DuPont subsidiary (Conoco) sell a percentage of its shares to the public (Gilson 2010). It was decided that 30 percent of DuPont stock in Conoco be made available to the public through an IPO that is geared to net $4.4 billion.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this transaction to be considered tax free it is essential that corporate capital gains taxes be avoided. The DuPont management team managed to achieve this by structuring the transaction as a primary offering by its subsidiary, Conoco (Gilson 2010). This approach would allow Conoco to sell new shares to the public and use the proceeds to pay an equivalent amount of its debt. Following this it is suggested that DuPont make an exchange offer to off load its remaining shares in Conoco. This technique also known as a split off would allow DuPont shareholders exchange their share of DuPont stock for 2.95 shares of Conoco stock on a tax free basis (Gilson 2010). For the transaction to be tax free it would require DuPont sell a proportion of its Conoco shares for cash and satisfy some conditions of the Internal Revenue Code. The first condition would that DuPont was in control of Conoco before the split off signified by at least 80 percent voting control of Conoco’s stock (Gils on 2010). In addition to that the split off had to be motivated by a valid reason and DuPont would be required to divest itself of all Conoco stock such that it does not exercise any control over Conoco after the transaction. To attain favorable tax treatment for the spit off, it is suggested Conoco be recapitalized with two classes of common stock. Class A shares (approx 190 million) with one vote each to be issued to the public through an IPO (Gilson 2010). Class B shares (approx 400 million) with five votes each to be retained by DuPont for disbursement to DuPont shareholders in the exchange offer (Gilson 2010). In addition to this it is suggested that prior to the IPO Conoco issue a $7.5 billion promissory note to DuPont as dividend (Gilson 2010). This payment is tax free to both parties because at the time DuPont owned all of Conoco. In turn, Conoco would use the proceeds from the IPO to repay part of the note and other intercompany notes with DuPont. The balance was to be paid by Conoco through a subsequent $4 billion debt offering (Gilson 2010). Advantages Risks Among the reasons behind the choice of the IPO route with regard to this divestiture undertaking can be traced to the advantages inherent in the use of the IPO strategy. It has been noted that through the use of an IPO a company can increase both liquidity and the share price (Geddes 2003). This is due to the fact that companies listed on the stock exchange are typically worth more than similar companies that are privately held (Geddes 2003). This is in part due to the fact that the information contained in an IPO prospectus and subsequent annual reports reduces the uncertainty around performance and hence increases the value of business. Due to the above point it has been noted that investors are willing to pay a premium for liquidity. This is due to the fact that privately held companies have little or no liquidity (Geddes 2003). Due to that factor, the liquidity premium varies over time and economic conditions though a reasonable estimate would be in the 30 percent range (Geddes 2003). This can be taken to mean that if two identical companies exist with one being listed and the other privately held the listed company will be approximately worth 30 percent more than the other company (Geddes 2003). This is due to the daily liquidity activity which allows insiders to know the value of their holdings accurately. In addition to the above point, another advantage of the IPO option is due to the fact that it can be used to motivate and retain staff (Geddes 2003). During the 90’s it was observed in the US and UK that the use of incentives such as stock options and stock bonuses are quite effective when it comes to attracting and retaining employees. Based on this equity based awards and ownership indicate a tendency to be more broadly spread among management and employees in public companies than within private companies (Geddes 2003). In addition to that is the fact t hat both management and employees are able to observe the results of their efforts immediately in the share price. Another advantage with the IPO option that is significant to consider is the fact that it comes with prestige and an enhanced image (Geddes 2003). This is a significant though intangible benefit that arises from the increased visibility of the company through ongoing disclosures to the stock exchange. In addition it has been observed that many believe there is prestige associated with working in a publicly listed company (Geddes 2003). This is likely to lead to the recruitment and retention of high quality employees. The quotation may also bring market benefits by making the company appear more substantial and stronger. This is supported by the fact that press coverage of public companies is generally greater than that of privately owned companies. Another advantage in favor of this option comes from the fact that it allows for access to alternative sources of capital ( Geddes 2003). It has been observed that quoted companies are often able to raise money for expansion more easily and at better rates than private companies (Geddes 2003). This is because the public debt markets allow greater access to quoted companies than to those without a listing. This is without considering the fact that going public generally improves the company debt-equity ratio and may enable it to borrow more cheaply. Finally the IPO option also brings with it ancillary benefits (Geddes 2003). For example, it has been noted that the flotation process often forces management to formulate and articulate a clear business strategy (Geddes 2003). This alone clearly is beneficial to the future success of the business. In addition to this it has been noted that in anticipation of public ownership many companies improve management and financial structure (Geddes 2003). It has been noted that many fast growing medium sized companies neglect formal structures which help them in growi ng to become large companies. However the IPO option also comes with disadvantages such as those associated with increased disclosure. This is due to the fact that when company goes public the number of people with access to financial records increases significantly (Geddes 2003). This can cause major shock especially since it involves disclosure of management salaries and perks. This increased access to information provides a potential ground for disputes to arise when business slows down. In addition to that is the fact that IPO’s cost a lot of money (Geddes 2003). The process involves large payments to investment bankers, lawyers, accountants resulting in significant payouts. In addition to that there is the huge indirect cost of under pricing. It has been observed that IPOs around the world are under priced compared to their short term performance (Geddes 2003). On an average an IPO will close at 15 to 20 percent above its issue price though this varies based on the marke t, industry and time. This suggests that shareholders and the company leave significant sums of money on the table when going public (See Appendix A). Another disadvantage of the IPO option is the potential restriction on management action (Geddes 2003). In many companies the managers are the owners. As a result there is little restriction on management action other than statutory and legal regulations. However, upon going public the regulations that govern public companies restrict the management in acting freely. This may result in loss of control of the company. In addition to that the IPO option brings about new difficult questions due to the separation of ownership and control. References Brigham, E. F., Houston, J. F. (2009). Fundamentals of Financial Management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Geddes, R. (2003). IPOs and equity offerings. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Gilson, S. C. (2010). Creating Value through Corporate Restructuring: Case Studies in Ba nkruptcies, Buyouts, and Breakups. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons Inc. Hunt, P. A. (2009). Structuring Mergers Acquisitions: a Guide to creating Shareholder Value. Printed in USA: Aspen Publishers. Sherman, A. J. (2011). Mergers and Acquisitions from A to Z. 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